iPod Touch headphone jack suddenly stopped working!!

[MVallee]

Ok so I've been listening to it all day and its worked fine, I was driving and when i plugged the car into the headphone jack, nothing played, the screen showed it was playing but no sound came out, tried my headphones, same deal. Tried multiple headphones, and the jack is dead!!

Why? What would cause this? Its a new 32GB Touch that was working fine until tonight.

I bought it on February 13, 2008. Will the Apple store exchange it for a new one there? I don't want to have to mail it in for service.

GAH! I'm having a panic attack here, and its my birthday tomorrow. What an awful present from Apple. :mad:

Update: The music came back after vigorously wiggling the headphone jack, but should I still be worried? Does that mean something is loose inside? I don't want it to die again out of warranty. I didn't get Apple care.

[anjinha]

Is it possible that it got wet? My iPt's headphone jack stopped working when it got wet. It started wotking again once I let it dry.

[Krafty]

This happened to one of my iPod Videos. When you plug and unplug things in the headphones jack it causes the metal plates in it to flatten out, thats why you can only get sound by moving it around. Best take it in and have it looked at for a possible replacement.

[MVallee]

I don't think it got wet. I checked the little indicator in the headphone port and it is still white. Unless it only got slightly wet, enough to stop it from working, but not enough to change the indicator. Could that happen?

Now that i wiggled it around, it works fine and no matter how much more I move the headphone jack, it doesn't cut out at all.

Could it have been temporary? Court the little metal things have just been stuck but are now ok? It such a hassle if I have to return it. Especially if the problem is gone now, there is no proof. Plus i have to buy/re-apply another power support crystal film, and add all the music again.

Any opinions? If it's going to cause a problem latter, i'll return it.

[mayhem052]

My itouch is doing the same thing! I had a nice pair of Sony headphones that stopped working with my itouch so I switched to the standard ipod buds they have worked for a couple of days but now they seem to not work either. I'll try wiggling the jack around but I kinda doubt that'll work. The itouch has got quite a few annoying scratches on the screen and it randomly shuts off and wont come back on again until I do a hard reset, so maybe trading it in for a new one wouldn't be such a bad idea. It has to be the quirkiest iTouch ever!

[mayhem052]

you know what, I remember this same thing happening on my 4th gen ipod turned out the port just got dirty. I just cleaned it out with a Q tip and it worked fine ever since. Guess I'll give it a try.

[MVallee]

Mt headphones are still working fine since it first happened. I dropped it last week on my paved driveway and it took a chip out of the side, but everything is still working fine. I dunno, its strange. Do nothing and it breaks, drop it and nothing happens. Hmmm... oh well.

[gowanis]

my headphone jack went bad on one of my iPod touch units (i've had 6, the first 5 were defective). in my case, audio stopped coming out of one channel.

unfortunately, you'll likely have to get it replaced (with a refurb). (if it stops working again)

[kockgunner]

Sorry for the bump but this might help others who come by this thread later on: apple will replace your iPod with a loose jack. This happened to me and I got a brand new iPod in less than a week :)

[stw1530]

What happens if my touch is out of warranty with this problem? I have to jiggle the headphone cord for it to come out both speakers (I've tried with several different cords, so its definitely the jack) and it does it again if the cord moves at all! The Apple store in Orlando told me that it'd probably cost about as much as a new one to fix it on the phone. It's like 2 months out of warranty! Can anybody tell me something good here? Pleas help.

[Ivan P]

What happens if my touch is out of warranty with this problem? I have to jiggle the headphone cord for it to come out both speakers (I've tried with several different cords, so its definitely the jack) and it does it again if the cord moves at all! The Apple store in Orlando told me that it'd probably cost about as much as a new one to fix it on the phone. It's like 2 months out of warranty! Can anybody tell me something good here? Pleas help.

No luck if it's out of warranty. Some people HAVE had luck with getting things out of warranty being replaced/repaired by Apple for free by taking them into an Apple Store, but two months over seems like too much of a stretch.

I'd say you'd have to either pay for it to be repaired or for a new iPod.

[alg123]

There is a chance something sticky was on one of your headphone jacks and the port is dirty, and the connectors inside the port can't make a firm connection. IF IT IS OUT OF WARRANTY, get a Q tip, rip most of the cotton off the end then twist the remaining cotton fibers around the end (not a point) to the size where it will fit in the port. With the Touch turned OFF, get a bottle of 93-98% rubbing alchohol (less water, will evaporate more quickly and completely with less chance of corrosion), wet the stripped end and then slowly, gently twirl it into the jack going the same direction as the fibers are wrapped so that you dont sheer off fibers inside the jack. Twirl it into the port as far as it will go with a little pressure. Remove it and examine it for signs (color change) of dirt or junk. You may need to repeat this step several times. Wait about 10 minutes for the alchohol to dry completely (you can blow at (not in) the port or use a hair dryer with the heat turned off). Check the headphone jacks for dirt or sticky substance while you wait for the alchohol to dry. Once there is no longer the strong aroma of alcohol at the port, you can try turning the Touch back on, and plugging in one of your clean jacks.

[vap3]

There is a chance something sticky was on one of your headphone jacks and the port is dirty, and the connectors inside the port can't make a firm connection. IF IT IS OUT OF WARRANTY, get a Q tip, rip most of the cotton off the end then twist the remaining cotton fibers around the end (not a point) to the size where it will fit in the port. With the Touch turned OFF, get a bottle of 93-98% rubbing alchohol (less water, will evaporate more quickly and completely with less chance of corrosion), wet the stripped end and then slowly, gently twirl it into the jack going the same direction as the fibers are wrapped so that you dont sheer off fibers inside the jack. Twirl it into the port as far as it will go with a little pressure. Remove it and examine it for signs (color change) of dirt or junk. You may need to repeat this step several times. Wait about 10 minutes for the alchohol to dry completely (you can blow at (not in) the port or use a hair dryer with the heat turned off). Check the headphone jacks for dirt or sticky substance while you wait for the alchohol to dry. Once there is no longer the strong aroma of alcohol at the port, you can try turning the Touch back on, and plugging in one of your clean jacks.


YOU ARE THE MOFO MAN! I REGISTERED JUST TO SAY THANK YOU!

[legendsjd]

There is a chance something sticky was on one of your headphone jacks and the port is dirty, and the connectors inside the port can't make a firm connection. IF IT IS OUT OF WARRANTY, get a Q tip, rip most of the cotton off the end then twist the remaining cotton fibers around the end (not a point) to the size where it will fit in the port. With the Touch turned OFF, get a bottle of 93-98% rubbing alchohol (less water, will evaporate more quickly and completely with less chance of corrosion), wet the stripped end and then slowly, gently twirl it into the jack going the same direction as the fibers are wrapped so that you dont sheer off fibers inside the jack. Twirl it into the port as far as it will go with a little pressure. Remove it and examine it for signs (color change) of dirt or junk. You may need to repeat this step several times. Wait about 10 minutes for the alchohol to dry completely (you can blow at (not in) the port or use a hair dryer with the heat turned off). Check the headphone jacks for dirt or sticky substance while you wait for the alchohol to dry. Once there is no longer the strong aroma of alcohol at the port, you can try turning the Touch back on, and plugging in one of your clean jacks.

I'm same as poster above. I came across this info after doing a search and it completely solved my problem. My iPod was bordering on useless. I thought it was because I was mistreating my headphones and a wire had come lose.

I dipped q-tips in rubbing alcohol and cleaned the port about 4 times, turned the thing on and the sound flows like its brand spanking new. The only problem is that I think I may have used too much alcohol as there's some cloudyness in the screen, but that's fine as I only ever look at the thing to change songs, so I'm happy. Just a word of advice to anyone trying this that cares about the display, go easy on the alcohol and make sure you're not harming the display. Other than that, thanks a million!

[mjv]

I too have had headphone jack problems with two 32G iPod Touches. The Q-Tip and alcohol solution did not work for me. The genius at the Apple Store offered to give me a $100 discount on a refurbished Touch - but I passed. Instead I bought an in-line iPod controller that jacks into the docking port. The controller has a headphone jack output which works just fine - and now I can control the Touch via the controller (pause, play, skip, etc.). I bought the Geffin "Navagator" controller - but there may be others available as well.
Good luck! :

[uraniumwilly]

I bought the Geffin "Navagator" controller - but there may be others available as well.
Good luck! :

Put me on the list as another who's been having a problem with the audio jack.

I believe you were referring to "griffin" and the link is here:

http://www.griffintechnology.com/products/navigate

Thanks to all who responded with helpful suggestions. This problem has been a bummer.

[ascendedoshen]

Turn it off an on again will work fine if still doesn't reset it happens to me from time to time I just turn it off and on again!

[jwillgoesfast]

Thanks everyone, gonna give the q-tip a shot!

[jwillgoesfast]

ACK! forgot to power it down...thought i was ruined this morning when my ipod wouldn't turn on. got it to work finally using this trick: http://forums.macrumors.com/showthread.php?p=9805726#post9805726

thanks again, for anyone else DONT FORGET TO POWER DOWN!!!

[jeremiisama]

There is a chance something sticky was on one of your headphone jacks and the port is dirty, and the connectors inside the port can't make a firm connection. IF IT IS OUT OF WARRANTY, get a Q tip, rip most of the cotton off the end then twist the remaining cotton fibers around the end (not a point) to the size where it will fit in the port. With the Touch turned OFF, get a bottle of 93-98% rubbing alchohol (less water, will evaporate more quickly and completely with less chance of corrosion), wet the stripped end and then slowly, gently twirl it into the jack going the same direction as the fibers are wrapped so that you dont sheer off fibers inside the jack. Twirl it into the port as far as it will go with a little pressure. Remove it and examine it for signs (color change) of dirt or junk. You may need to repeat this step several times. Wait about 10 minutes for the alchohol to dry completely (you can blow at (not in) the port or use a hair dryer with the heat turned off). Check the headphone jacks for dirt or sticky substance while you wait for the alchohol to dry. Once there is no longer the strong aroma of alcohol at the port, you can try turning the Touch back on, and plugging in one of your clean jacks.

it works now and im so happy that i can listen to my music now!
i didnt even have alchohol just qtips and it worked!

nevermind same problem again, sigh

[jwar91]

I have had the same exact issue with the first person, I bought the most recent iPod touch (the 32gb) back in November. This issue seems to happen in all 32gb, hah. What caused this issue? For mr it all started when my iPod was plugged into a head unit in my car so I was allowed to listen to my music while driving, then all of a sudden the music would fade in and out every now and then. Whenever I would touch the end of the cable that was hooked into my itouch, it would happen, also the sound would once an while fade to one side of my car, then though it was an issue with my car. It did the same thing when I plugged my headphones into it. Can this be fixed!?

[JAT]

Yours is still under warranty, just take it in.

[jstrathern]

I had the same problem, my ipod stopped playing music via the headphone port. I tried cleaning my headphone port as is described in this thread, but no luck. I recalled that I had recently upgraded the firmware to version 1.3, so I reset the factory settings on the IPOD and transferred all my music back to it and lo and behold, the headphones work fine now. I'm still running version 1.3 of the firmware so I don't think its a problem with the software itself.

[liamkp]

I'll keep the Q-Tip trick in mind (copied it to word). Thanks.

[jstrathern]

I had the same problem, my ipod stopped playing music via the headphone port. I tried cleaning my headphone port as is described in this thread, but no luck. I recalled that I had recently upgraded the firmware to version 1.3, so I reset the factory settings on the IPOD and transferred all my music back to it and lo and behold, the headphones work fine now. I'm still running version 1.3 of the firmware so I don't think its a problem with the software itself.

Spoke too soon - my ipod worked fine for a few hours, then crackled and the headphone jack stopped working. I'll try and get an older version of the firmware.

[liamkp]

Spoke too soon - my ipod worked fine for a few hours, then crackled and the headphone jack stopped working. I'll try and get an older version of the firmware.

Hopefully that works.

[proYuzza]

What happens if my touch is out of warranty with this problem? I have to jiggle the headphone cord for it to come out both speakers (I've tried with several different cords, so its definitely the jack) and it does it again if the cord moves at all! The Apple store in Orlando told me that it'd probably cost about as much as a new one to fix it on the phone. It's like 2 months out of warranty! Can anybody tell me something good here? Pleas help.

If your ipod touch is 2nd gen or older and running iOS 3.x and older. All you have to do is buy an A2DP Bluetooth streaming piece. I got the Jabra BT 3030 from ebay for $25(canadian). You plug your headphones into it, turn it on. Then turn on bluetooth in Settings/General/Bluetooth on your touch, pair the two and your ready to hear music how it was meant to be. In Stereo not left or Right. Hopes this helps.

[chocdom]

my headphone jack went bad on one of my iPod touch units (i've had 6, the first 5 were defective). in my case, audio stopped coming out of one channel.

unfortunately, you'll likely have to get it replaced (with a refurb). (if it stops working again)

ive got an ipod touch 2nd gen 8gb and its headphone jack is faulty. when i plug something in it only comes out 1 side. i also dont have a warranty beacuse i bought it off ebay...what do i do? also i dont want that bluetooth thingy cos i want to play out through speakers...:confused::confused::confused::confused:

[liamkp]

ive got an ipod touch 2nd gen 8gb and its headphone jack is faulty. when i plug something in it only comes out 1 side. i also dont have a warranty beacuse i bought it off ebay...what do i do? also i dont want that bluetooth thingy cos i want to play out through speakers...:confused::confused::confused::confused:
Did you buy it with warranty left? It doesnt matter if you bought if off ebay or not. If you still have warranty on it you can take it into Apple, they should fix it even if its out of warranty.

[arnie95]

i was just listening to my i pod and then all of a sudden i changed the song and it starts fuzzing through the speaker and headphones , i tried everything like restoring the i pod and different headphones but no luck, can anyone help because i am very frustrated ..... thanks:)

[liamkp]

i was just listening to my i pod and then all of a sudden i changed the song and it starts fuzzing through the speaker and headphones , i tried everything like restoring the i pod and different headphones but no luck, can anyone help because i am very frustrated ..... thanks:)
You should probably try a restore in DFU mode. If that doesnt work you should try and take it to apple store because it might be a faulty jack.

[Angelessey]

I just need to confirm a few things here.
A couple of years back I owned a second-gen iPod nano. The headphones actually worked fine; no problems, but they got a bit stringy (white covering had come off) and by then the fifth-gen was out, so last year I bought a new fifth-gen.
Since then I have gone through six pairs of headphones, all of them apple, all of whom have died while using my fifth-gen. :(
and the headphones have all worked on my original second-gen. :confused:
My parents are furious; they think it's my fault that my headphones are breaking, but after reading some of the posts here, I think it may be my iPod. Currently I'm in the process of updating my iTunes, etc., just to see if that's the problem. However, do you guys recommend that I take my iPod to an apple store, just to check if something's wrong?

[Zay1993]

I have a 2g iPod touch, and I've tried the q tip trick described in this thread, but no luck. :( Is there any third party company that has a good reputation for repairing ipods or iPod touch headphone jacks? My jack is physically loose, so its not just dirty, unfortunately. Even a DIY kit for replacing the jack would be fine, although I'd rather send it to a reputable third party company to have it fixed as long as its not to expensive. Anyone?

[GregR]

i have always had a first gen ipod touch. so i have a "normal" headphone jack. Because of this, i have always thought the later models' jack was extremely weird. can't apple have an actual speaker? instead of being cheap and adding it into the headphone jack. (btw, the speaker is extremely quiet, and i hate it)

[liamkp]

I just need to confirm a few things here.
A couple of years back I owned a second-gen iPod nano. The headphones actually worked fine; no problems, but they got a bit stringy (white covering had come off) and by then the fifth-gen was out, so last year I bought a new fifth-gen.
Since then I have gone through six pairs of headphones, all of them apple, all of whom have died while using my fifth-gen. :(
and the headphones have all worked on my original second-gen. :confused:
My parents are furious; they think it's my fault that my headphones are breaking, but after reading some of the posts here, I think it may be my iPod. Currently I'm in the process of updating my iTunes, etc., just to see if that's the problem. However, do you guys recommend that I take my iPod to an apple store, just to check if something's wrong?
The Apple headphones are particularly high quality. I suggest getting a different type of fairly inexpensive headphones and see if they 'break' because it could be the headphones. What happens when they 'break'?
I have a 2g iPod touch, and I've tried the q tip trick described in this thread, but no luck. :( Is there any third party company that has a good reputation for repairing ipods or iPod touch headphone jacks? My jack is physically loose, so its not just dirty, unfortunately. Even a DIY kit for replacing the jack would be fine, although I'd rather send it to a reputable third party company to have it fixed as long as its not to expensive. Anyone?
If its a broken headphone jack then Apple should replace it. Even if it is out of warranty. I would suggest going to your nearest Apple store or calling them and see what they say. Im not sure if this will work but you could probably ask the seller. http://cgi.ebay.com/OEM-iPod-Touch-2nd-Gen-Headphone-Audio-Jack-USA-/190429865804?pt=Other_MP3_Player_Accessories

[Zay1993]

I doubt Apple will replace it, seeing as the iPod wasn't mine in the first place and it's at least 2 years old. So I think they would just classify it as normal wear and tear and tell Me to buy a new one. :/ thanks though. Hmm thanks for the eBay link, anyone ever change the iPod touch headphone jack theirselves? If so how did it turn out?

Edit: I live in the Yukon so there's no such thing as an apple store up here xD.

[Rizvi1]

There is a chance something sticky was on one of your headphone jacks and the port is dirty, and the connectors inside the port can't make a firm connection. IF IT IS OUT OF WARRANTY, get a Q tip, rip most of the cotton off the end then twist the remaining cotton fibers around the end (not a point) to the size where it will fit in the port. With the Touch turned OFF, get a bottle of 93-98% rubbing alchohol (less water, will evaporate more quickly and completely with less chance of corrosion), wet the stripped end and then slowly, gently twirl it into the jack going the same direction as the fibers are wrapped so that you dont sheer off fibers inside the jack. Twirl it into the port as far as it will go with a little pressure. Remove it and examine it for signs (color change) of dirt or junk. You may need to repeat this step several times. Wait about 10 minutes for the alchohol to dry completely (you can blow at (not in) the port or use a hair dryer with the heat turned off). Check the headphone jacks for dirt or sticky substance while you wait for the alchohol to dry. Once there is no longer the strong aroma of alcohol at the port, you can try turning the Touch back on, and plugging in one of your clean jacks.

I'm going to give this a shot. On my 2g ipod touch 32gb, the headphone jack had been giving me trouble. It stopped bothering me as much for a while but now is starting to bother me more than before - it's really hard to keep playing w/ the headphones & headphone jack all the time to get it working properly - just to lose it again once it moves slightly

[lrysvbaby]

thanks for the q-tip idea. i didn't try it yet, but if i push my head phones in reallly hard it works but i have to hold it. should i still try with the q-tips?

[jennydercal]

you know what, I remember this same thing happening on my 4th gen ipod turned out the port just got dirty. I just cleaned it out with a Q tip and it worked fine ever since. Guess I'll give it a try.



thx so much i had the dirty headphones as well and i didn't even know it.. you saved me 300+$ i was gonna get a new one. i have to pay for the stuff i want with my bday money thanks so much!!!!!!!!!!!!!

my mom will not let me get a job yet school is to important

[J-WeezyBaby]

So i did the q-tip thing, but like i have to move it to a certain place for it to work and sometimes if i move it doesn't work? This is really pissing me off. :mad: Any suggestions?


E-Mail: adamsjason88@yahoo.com

[mm99]

There is a chance something sticky was on one of your headphone jacks and the port is dirty, and the connectors inside the port can't make a firm connection. IF IT IS OUT OF WARRANTY, get a Q tip, rip most of the cotton off the end then twist the remaining cotton fibers around the end (not a point) to the size where it will fit in the port. With the Touch turned OFF, get a bottle of 93-98% rubbing alchohol (less water, will evaporate more quickly and completely with less chance of corrosion), wet the stripped end and then slowly, gently twirl it into the jack going the same direction as the fibers are wrapped so that you dont sheer off fibers inside the jack. Twirl it into the port as far as it will go with a little pressure. Remove it and examine it for signs (color change) of dirt or junk. You may need to repeat this step several times. Wait about 10 minutes for the alchohol to dry completely (you can blow at (not in) the port or use a hair dryer with the heat turned off). Check the headphone jacks for dirt or sticky substance while you wait for the alchohol to dry. Once there is no longer the strong aroma of alcohol at the port, you can try turning the Touch back on, and plugging in one of your clean jacks. I tried this and it really works. No more problem with my earphone jack. Touch works great. Thanks!!!!

[playbass06]

The q-tip solution worked here as well! I only had 70% rubbing alcohol on hand, so I figured I'd just let it dry longer. I waited about 30 minutes; but it wasn't quite long enough, evidently...
It fixed the headphone problem, but then the iPod (2nd gen) stopped recognizing the absence of headphones. It took several hours, but it eventually dried out and corrected itself. No harm done, and now I've saved $300+

Thanks!

[mannix87]

I had mine replaced last year by the Apple store I got it from. same issues. but it was still under warranty since I've only had it for 3 months then. so no charge. they made me wait for 2 weeks to get the replacement. I've bought more than a dozen apple products, & this is the only time i've ever had problems & i'm glad that they replaced it right away with no questions asked.

[Chuchichan]

I'm having this loose headphone jack issue on my ipod touch 2g. I purchased it two years ago. Any hope that Apple would fix this or is it too far out of warranty?

About two years ago I had Apple replace a power supply for my powerbook g4 that was faulty at no charge. It was about 3 years old at that time...

[tgknight]

I did what u said , now the audio wont work at all now.... :mad:

----------

There is a chance something sticky was on one of your headphone jacks and the port is dirty, and the connectors inside the port can't make a firm connection. IF IT IS OUT OF WARRANTY, get a Q tip, rip most of the cotton off the end then twist the remaining cotton fibers around the end (not a point) to the size where it will fit in the port. With the Touch turned OFF, get a bottle of 93-98% rubbing alchohol (less water, will evaporate more quickly and completely with less chance of corrosion), wet the stripped end and then slowly, gently twirl it into the jack going the same direction as the fibers are wrapped so that you dont sheer off fibers inside the jack. Twirl it into the port as far as it will go with a little pressure. Remove it and examine it for signs (color change) of dirt or junk. You may need to repeat this step several times. Wait about 10 minutes for the alchohol to dry completely (you can blow at (not in) the port or use a hair dryer with the heat turned off). Check the headphone jacks for dirt or sticky substance while you wait for the alchohol to dry. Once there is no longer the strong aroma of alcohol at the port, you can try turning the Touch back on, and plugging in one of your clean jacks. thanks for nothing

[macingman]

I did what u said , now the audio wont work at all now.... :mad:

----------

thanks for nothing

This is an old thread, your own fault you broke it, you must have done it wrong. can't blame anyone for that.

[tomschwem]

you may have a problem with lint and if so the q-tip would only push it deeper into the jack, you can try to (CAREFULLY!) use a kind of pick-like tool to remove it. I would recomend bending the last millimeter or less of a small needle or pin and, in very good lighting, try to pick the bottom of the jack clean, but be CAREFULL! it worked wonders on mine. if you want to reduce the risk of scratching the contacts, you can try to use a softer metal (like copper) or even plastic.

[kbfr08]

I have a 2g iPod touch, and I've tried the q tip trick described in this thread, but no luck. :( Is there any third party company that has a good reputation for repairing ipods or iPod touch headphone jacks? My jack is physically loose, so its not just dirty, unfortunately. Even a DIY kit for replacing the jack would be fine, although I'd rather send it to a reputable third party company to have it fixed as long as its not to expensive. Anyone?
The disassembly process of the 2G/3G models requires prying around the edges of the glass, so a DIY might result in you breaking the glass.

[MonoChome]

OP, it could be your headphones. Try another pair.
If not, clean out the jack with a Q-tip like a previous poster stated.

[pavilm]

I tried the qtip idea. It made the sound slightly louder, but not enough to really matter. I brought it to a shop, where they replaced the whole Jack......still same problem. I seem to remember this problem happening right after an update. I have a 1G 16gb that has this problem.

[Richard S.]

My son bought an iPod 6 months ago. The audio jack was intermittent from the beginning. But he'd fiddle with to get to work, then he tried taping it in place and finally it died entirely. He has now returned it and is hoping for a new replacement.

He bought me one for my birthday 2 weeks ago. It only played on one side (channel) right out of the box. I went to return it to the Mac store but it was out of business - or moved. So now I'll have to send it.

A good friend of the family also had a bad jack and Apple kept replacing the iPod until he got one that worked for more than a couple of months.

A) This is obviously an issue of long standing.

B) Plainly Apple must be aware of the problem which appears to span a number of years.

C) It appears Apple's response to the problem is to just keep replacing the poorly made Chinese units until you get one that will last out the warranty.

Makes me wish they would charge a few bucks more and make it in the U.S.A. . Less hassle and more American jobs.