iOS Algorithms for simulations (e.g. Sim City, Civilization, Railroad Tycoon)

I don't have any specific algorithms, but I've made plenty myself, including ones for the game I'm working on right now. Pretty much, I just find what works for my game through trial and error. When it feels right, I use it.

Wow someone went to my site?

I'm bad at explaining things, especially things I do without thinking. (I don't mean to brag, I've just been doing it for awhile)
I pretty much start with a list of variables that will be involved, decide on what math needs to be done, I add catches for bugs, (for instance so that clubmen can't kill tanks like in civ ) then I tweak the hard numbers that are applied to the variables until they feel right. It means alot of changing one little number a tiny bit, rebuilding and testing, then going back to tweak it again. I usually don't have a goal in mind, I just wait until it seems like it's where it should be. Another trick I've used is to allow the user to change all those numbers themselves which can be considered a feature if done right, and the initial numbers are just rough ideas of where they may want them to be. Good luck!
Nate

you could try digging around the codebase for freeciv? other than that, i'd just put together a few basic hacks together (like what liptolover detailed above) and tweak it from there.

In the end it doesn't matter what algorithm you use.

As long as it's working and fun enough for the end use they will never notice.

Of course testing and tweaking always helps after seeing how the user handles it.