You don't lose anything when you upgrade the OS : only the OS will change, all your apps, settings, and data will remain unchanged.
Yes, you do need to do a full backup (do a clone) just in case something went wrong when installing.
(and you need a full backup anyway : Time Machine and/or a clone).
If you have a white SL retail disc, it is 10.6.3.
So after you have installed, download an apply the
10.6.8 combo update.
Then run Software Updates do get all other available updates.
You can NOT install Mavericks on that machine : the maximum OS is Lion 10.7.5.