"I don't get the feeling that my HDD is dying. Seems more like there is corruptions and that sort of thing in the software itself that needs to be sorted, right?"
My advice will be a little different than other posters here.
First, if you do not have a bootable backup clone drive, it's time to get one made, RIGHT NOW.
DON'T use Time Machine. Use CarbonCopyCloner instead.
Do you have an external drive capable of holding the ENTIRE CONTENTS of your internal hard drive?
If not, time to get one, RIGHT NOW.
I would suggest you spend $28 and get one of these gadgets:
http://www.amazon.com/Plugable-Dock...=2025&creative=165953&creativeASIN=B003UI62AG
One of the best computer purchases you'll ever make. Did I say only $28?
Then, get a 1tb "bare" HDD from the vendor of your choice.
Once you have this stuff, put the new drive into the dock and connect it to your Mac.
Turn it on. You will probably get the "this disk is unreadable" alert because it's not yet initialized. Use Disk Utility to initialize the new drive (and partition if necessary).
Next, use CarbonCopyCloner to "clone" the contents of your old drive to the new, docked drive. Of course, with a large amount of data, it's going to take a while.
When that task is complete, DO A TEST BOOT to be sure that the new cloned drive is bootable:
- Restart
- As soon as you hear the startup sound, hold down the option key and KEEP HOLDING IT DOWN
- In a few moments, the startup manager will appear
- Click on the docked drive to select it, then hit return
- The Mac should boot from the docked drive
When you get to the finder, take a few moments to check around. Go to "about this mac" and be sure you're booted from the docked drive (will look the same as your internal). Make sure all your stuff is there and where you want it to be.
At this point, you can again try Disk Utility (from the docked drive) and "aim it" at the internal drive. Try repairing again. Any better?