I only have two columns in the Excel Save Dialog, Name and Dated Modified. If I make the box bigger and save the file, then close it and reopen Excel, the box opens bigger (same as I left it before saving) and the column widths, which I also adjusted, are not changed. I don't see anything in Excel preferences which might address Save Dialog characteristics.
If I were to take a stab at solving such a problem, I'd try the plist file first, then removing Office and reinstalling if that failed.