GCC & the XCode toolset fully support the standard C and C++ languages. MSVC still didn't have complete C++ compliance last time I used it, but that was some time ago. In any case, the deviations are small and adapting "proper" C++ code takes a very small amount of time.
There are also versions of GCC for Windows such as
MingW32. There aren't any IDEs as nice as XCode, but there are several that are usable. I'm no expert so I don't want to suggest anything.
What you obviously won't be able to do is develop programs that are intended to use Microsoft's specific Windows libraries, which roughly means anything that performs operations you wouldn't expect a text based operating system to perform. There are third party libraries that let you do things like create and manipulate windows in sufficiently generic ways to build on both Mac and Windows, but I suspect they'll be outside of the realm of your course.
So, it really depends what your course is about. If it is more about the normal language without any Microsoft extensions - e.g. data processing, manipulation, advanced calculations, etc - then you won't have any problem. If it starts to head into "we're going to design our window here, then make it work by writing this code..." or "we'll display the output in a simple message box" then you probably won't be able to use a Mac for development - but it is still worth looking into the Windows versions of GCC.