I think they are talking the rotation, not orbit.
Here some more fun.
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Here some more fun.
Lots more hereThe Earths rotation speed can be measured using different techniques. One of the oldest ways is with multiple radio telescopes all observing the same very distant object. The telescope signals can be combined to give a precise position of the Earth.
More recently, global positioning satellites (GPS) and laser ranging (bouncing a laser beam off of the Moon or a satellite) can also determine the speed with which our planet spins on its axis.
Make that Leap
When changes in the length of the day accumulate, it becomes necessary to add a leap second. The organization responsible for keeping track of this is the International Earth Rotation Service (IERS). Since 1972, the IERS has added 22 leap seconds. The last leap second was on Dec. 31, 1998. Learn More
The rotation data shows oscillations over several different timescales. The one with the largest variation is seasonal: Earth slows down in January and February.
"It turns out that during the Northern Hemisphere winter, the winds which are predominantly west to east are stronger," Salstein said.
The more forceful winds double the angular momentum of the atmosphere. Angular momentum is a conserved quantity in nature the example usually given is the spinning ice skater conserving angular momentum by speeding up when she brings her arms in.
In this case, the whole system comprised of the spinning Earth and swirling atmosphere adjusts to the blustery winter months by slowing down the solid Earths rotation. This means the days get longer by a few thousandths of a second.
The winter in the Southern Hemisphere does not produce the same increase in wind because the bottom of the world is mostly ocean and the temperature swings are, therefore, not as great.
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Why it matters
Because the dominant relationship in Salsteins observations is between wind and rotation, he attempts to predict the Earths rotation from long-range weather forecasts.
This rotation forecast is important to NASAs Jet Propulsion Laboratory because they need an exact reference to send out navigation signals to their spacecraft in the far reaches of the solar system. Although a millisecond difference in the length of the day seems like a small change, "at the radius of Jupiter that will be important," Salstein said.
It may not be so simple to say if weather is causing changes in the rotation, as Salstein presupposes, or if rotation drives shifts in climate, as Sidorenkov claims. Although weather might seem to be immune to millisecond changes in the Earths rotation, it should be remembered that the Earths rotation does play an important part in creating general weather patterns.
For instance, the motion of the jet stream and the counterclockwise-moving winds around low-pressure systems in the Northern Hemisphere (opposite in the Southern) are manifestations of the Earth turning underneath the atmosphere.
It may be that rotation and weather are so intricately tied that it may not make sense to speak of cause and effect. The Earth slowing down may drive a change in wind patterns, which causes another alteration to the rotation, which then kicks up more wind, ad infinitum.