macbook pro, i can never be mad at you.
i have a MBP 15" mid-2010 and i had the symptoms everyone else in this thread had: internal speakers not operating, headphones operating, red LED inside the headphone jack goes on and stays on as soon as you remove the headphones and internal speakers stay off.
praying first to the East to Mecca, and then WNW to Cupertino, i then used (the non-business end of) a ballpoint pen tube, gently but firmly pushing it straight in 4-5 times, with no effect. then, i hit upon a solution.
the trick was: with the tube fully inserted, apply gentle pressure down on the tube, 1/4 inch from the opening (like it was a see-saw), such that the tip farthest inside is touching the top. the LED light instantly went off and the internal speakers would play. (success!) however, when i removed the pen tube, the red LED went back on again. (only partial success.) so, i tried it again, with the same results. (repeatable, partial success.) then, i just left it in, as a stopgap measure, while i watched a 10min video to think of an idea. this time when i removed it, the red LED stayed off. (back to: success!)
not sure if the leaving it in had the effect, or if it was just that the third try was the "lucky" try that worked. and, i'm almost apprehensive to use headphones again for a while because of this. in any case, internal speakers are back, and i have a strategy for future mishaps.
someone above suggested using rubbing alcohol: i highly recommend AGAINST putting any liquid in your headphone jacks, for what should be obvious reasons! i'd also recommend against any metal objects as well: non-conductive materials are readily at hand, so why take the chance?
-Petzl
if at any time, you thought bad porn background music was appropriate for some of the technical descriptions, you are not alone.
shout out to @tongatonga for ballpoint pen tube suggestion (with no q-tip or toothpick available, pen tube did the trick)