Just thought I'd update this, as I finally managed to gather all the relevant "bits and pieces."
I ended up with an Apple BCM94321MC Broadcom mini PCI-e wireless card. This cost me about $8 including shipping.
Unfortunately, as I(quickly) found out, a mini PCI-e card will not fit into a standard PCI-e slot. Fortunately, that's easily remedied with a mini PCI-e to PCI-e card adapter. These are all over Ebay and are cheap. Apparently, I'm not the only one who has tried to do exactly this sort of thing, as nearly all the adapters I looked at had antenna cables on them.
This was the adapter I bought-I can confirm that this specific one will work, although I'm sure there are plenty of others on Ebay which will also
http://www.ebay.com/itm/311074000196?_trksid=p2059210.m2749.l2649&ssPageName=STRK:MEBIDX:IT
Once the adapter arrived from China(about a week and a half) it was a simple matter of mounting the mini PCI-e card in the adapter, and then dropping the adapter in an empty PCI-e slot in the computer.
The adapter card I bought did not include the external antennas(some do). I have enough retired and salvaged routers lying around that it was no trouble for me to find external antennas, although if you don't have this resource at your disposal you can certainly spend a few extra dollars for the antennas.
Once installed, the card was recognized and worked perfectly as an an Airport Extreme card.
I'll also add that I initially bought an Atheros-branded mini PCI-e card, Apple part number AR5BXB6. I was not able to get this card to be recognized or work, even when starting from a fresh install of Leopard. There may be a trick I'm missing in getting this particular card to work. All of these cards are inexpensive, and I decided to just buy a second(Broadcom) card rather than spend a lot of time trying to get the Atheros card to work.
In any case, my total cost on this was a little under $20 including the both the Atheros and Broadcom card. Although it's not as elegant as the factory Airport card, it beats paying $90 for the "runway" card to do the factory installation.