No, consuming a lot of sugar won't go giving you diabetes however, a poor diet high in calories, being overweight, and leading an inactive lifestyle are the main risk factors for developing Type 2 diabetes, the kind that is normally treated through diet and oral medications.
Type 1 diabetes, the kind that requires insulin injections, is caused by the insulin producing cells in the pancreas either being destroyed or damaged due to an abnormal auto-immune response to a virus or infection. Nothing to do with sugar at all.
So, sugar isn't going to give you diabetes directly, but it isn't going to do you a lot of good so far as general health goes. And of course if your diet is poor and you don't get much exercise you could well be making yourself more susceptible to Type 2 diabetes.