I was wondering about this, I mainly use my 2012 Quad Mini Server with Sierra on an external SSD, but have Catalina installed on the original internal SSD. Just booted into Catalina and got the startup chime. Checked, and I was running 10.15.4 so I updated to 10.15.5. The startup chime still sounds, I did not have to change anything. Not sure what might be different about your 2012 Mini, or if something is muted or wrong. But I can confirm that the statup chime works on mine under 10.15.5.
BTW... why does updating have to be SO painful? It took me almost a half hour to update to 10.15.5. I have FIOS 400/400mbit internet with hardwired gigabit ethernet. This this just reinforces my instinct not to update my Macs.