My impression looking at SSD reviews over the last couple of years is that there is often a big break in speed between the 128gb SSDs and the bigger ones, but typically speeds flatten out from 256gb upwards.
It normally depends on the number of channels the controller accesses simultaneously. If there are 2x as many channels in the 512 drive then I'd expect a speed difference. If there are the same number (but each channel has 2x the storage) then I'd not expect any speed difference. I don't know enough about Mac PCIe drives so not sure how the channels differ.