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This was commonplace in the era of Thunderbolt 1/2.

Connect a Thunderbolt 2 dock to the Mac, and connect the HDD to the dock using SATA/eSATA.
Then use DriveDx to read the SMART data.

All this is still available, but using 'used' kit. Add the Apple TB2<>TB3 adapter, and a TB2 cable.

There are new TB3 3.5" HDD enclosures, but mostly these are more high-end RAID enclosures, which adds complexity...
 
MacOS doesn't support SMART over USB, so it needs to be a Thunderbolt-connected device.

There is an open source SMART driver for Macs, but it is a kernel extension, which are now deprecated if not actually no longer supported.
 
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