This was commonplace in the era of Thunderbolt 1/2.
Connect a Thunderbolt 2 dock to the Mac, and connect the HDD to the dock using SATA/eSATA.
Then use DriveDx to read the SMART data.
All this is still available, but using 'used' kit. Add the Apple TB2<>TB3 adapter, and a TB2 cable.
There are new TB3 3.5" HDD enclosures, but mostly these are more high-end RAID enclosures, which adds complexity...