Yes, they're just Core Image effects so there are a number of applications that allow you to use them.
If you have the Developer Tools installed, you can use Core Image Fun House (/Developer/Applications/Graphics Tools/Core Image Fun House). It allows you to use all the effects in Photo Booth as well as a number of other ones (in combination with each other, if you like!), and gives you options for each. The effects have different names than in Photo Booth, however, so you'd need to do some experimentation to find the right ones.