"My wife has an older Macbook. I think I'll try installing the hard drive in her computer. It's just possible that I came home from Best Buy with a wonky drive. Guys, I really appreciate you taking the time to help. Thanks."
I hesitate a bit to post this, but I'll go ahead.
If you had taken the time to "set up the drive externally", and THEN "do the drive swap", you'd probably be up and running now.
How to do this:
First, you're going to need a way to hook up the new drive externally. I suggest you spend $28 and get one of these:
http://www.amazon.com/Plugable-Dock...=2025&creative=165953&creativeASIN=B003UI62AG
It will prove to be a very useful accessory to have around in the years to come.
Once you have that, do this:
Download "CarbonCopyCloner" from here:
http://www.bombich.com/download.html
You can use it free for 30 days.
You now have the tools with which to do the job-at-hand.
Take the new drive OUT of the Macbook, put the old drive back in (for now).
Boot up the Mac with the OLD drive in it.
Put the new drive into the USB3/SATA dock
Connect the dock to the Macbook and power it on.
You may get a message stating that the drive is "unreadable" (not yet initialized). Or, it may just mount on the desktop if it's already initialized.
I suggest you open Disk Utility. Locate the NEW drive.
First reinitialize it. Takes only a few moments.
Next, click the "partition" tab and set up your partitions.
If this works, you will end up with one or more drive icons on your desktop (in addition to the internal drive).
Now it's time to "clone over" the contents of your OLD drive in the Macbook to the NEW drive in the dock.
Launch CCC -- in CCC's window, set up your "source" (OLD drive) on the left. Put your "target" (NEW drive) on the right. Note: CCC can also copy over the recovery partition, but I've never tried this myself (I have no need for a recovery partition because I use nothing but cloned backups).
CCC should clone the contents of your OLD drive to the partition you selected on the NEW drive.
When done, it's time to do a "test boot" -- to be sure everything is working as intended.
Do it this way:
Restart the Macbook (leave the dock connected). AS SOON AS YOU HEAR THE STARTUP SOUND, hold down the option key and KEEP HOLDING IT DOWN.
In a few moments the startup manager will appear. Select the NEW drive and click ok.
The MacBook should now boot from the docked drive. When you get to the finder, choose "About this Mac" and it should say that you're booted from the external drive (it will look EXACTLY like your internal).
If this is the case, you know the clone is good and the new drive is bootable.
Shut everything down, and now it's time to "do the drive swap".
Get the new drive installed and reboot.
How do things look now?