I want to charge my new phone using the Thunderbolt3/USB-c port on my 2018 Mini. But I can't seem to find what the power rating is for the port. Would it be considered a fast charge?
The charge port on every iPhone and iPad ever made will only accept current that the internal charge circuitry says it can. You can plug a 1000 watt (preposterous) power supply to any iOS device and it will only accept what it needs.
I dont have a 2018 mini but if you currently have an newer iPhone that has fast charge you should be able to plug it in and check in System Report to see what wattage it is sending. See in the post below.
Thunderbolt ports can optionally provide power, up to 100 watts. Does the Mac mini (2018) provide any power over any of its four Thunderbolt ports? If so, how many watts? On which of the 4 ports? ...
I dont have a 2018 mini but if you currently have an newer iPhone that has fast charge you should be able to plug it in and check in System Report to see what wattage it is sending. See in the post below.
If you're not sure which port to use with your external display, hard drive, camera, printer, iPhone, iPad, or other device, the port shapes and symbols in this guide should help.
support.apple.com
The 2018 Mini has USB 3.1 Gen 2 ports, so it can potentially deliver up to 15W on USB-C. I believe newer iPhones can take up to 18 or 20W peak, but that's only for a short time (when the battery is at a low state of charge), so charging from the Mini will probably not be much slower overall.