Eh, depends on the design and design criteria, to some extent.
Hopefully and 'should be' as stated - nope, longevity was part of the design considerations of overall thermals as well as the entire system.
Historically, this hasn't always been true across all manufacturers. It may have been made worse as the world was forced to ROHS (basically lead-free solder), or maybe just lazy design, or not in design criteria.
A number of HP laptops with discrete GPUs would encounter GPU issues. They were repairable, involving head guns, or even stressing the laptop running closed - they were IIRC BGA chips, and some of the solder was effectively breaking down or losing contact (unsure whether due to it actually flowing, components warping slightly, whatever - but likely heat-induced), so the 'fix' was basically 'more heat and make it melt back in place.'
The above is an over-simplification, but also Apple NVidea had rounds of GPU failures, possibly heat/design related. Unsure on final cause there, and mine held up well, but it may have been thermal effects over time.
Even if a specific component is 'fine' long-term at a given temperature, there is still effect to the rest of the system - CPU or GPU itself may be fine, but if individually or cumulatively the effect is adding heat to other components - the overall system may still fail earlier. Whether or not the entire system longevity was part of design considerations, or what definition of 'longevity' actually was used, if any - in unknown to me, at least.
In short - don't obsess over it. It'll probably be fine for the life of the laptop, but only Apple answering the above (and more) in detail could 'guarantee' it...