You might consider one of these gadgets:
http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss?url=search-alias=aps&field-keywords=usb+sata+dock&x=0&y=0
(many items shown, they all work the same, just pick one you like that's cheap)
Then, either buy a "bare" SATA hard drive, or ask around -- sometimes you can scrounge one up for free.
You'll also need the free version of CarbonCopyCloner, version 3.4.6.
You can download it here:
http://www.bombich.com/download.html
Just connect the dock, put the drive in, turn it on
The drive probably isn't initialized, so launch Disk Utility and initialize it. You might run DU's "repair" feature just to test the new drive before using it.
Then, launch CCC and on the left, choose your source (internal) drive.
On the right, choose your target (the docked drive)
Then, let CCC backup everything (it will take a while)
When done, you'll have a fully-bootable cloned backup of your internal drive.
Very useful.
You'll find having a USB/SATA dock around to be very handy if you ever encounter another hard drive -- just "swap and go".
Suggestion:
You might consider buying a USB3 version of the dock. That costs a little more, but the USB3 docks are "backward-compatible" with USB2, and if you get a new Mac with USB3, they will take advantage of the speed increase.