OK, you're hard drive looks to be failing, but still working for the moment, and you have NO BACKUP.
Obviously, the hard drive is going to need to be replaced, soon, but not yet.
What you really need RIGHT NOW is a second, backup drive.
Here's what to do to create a fully-bootable copy of your internal drive:
1. Get one of these gadgets:
http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss?url=search-alias=aps&field-keywords=usb+sata+dock&x=0&y=0
(many items shown, they all work the same, just pick one that's cheap, if you can afford it I suggest you get one with USB3 capability)
2. Get a "bare SATA hard drive" (either 3.5" or 2.5") from the vendor of your choice. It should be at least as large as your internal drive. Larger is better.
3. Download the FREE CarbonCopyCloner app from:
http://www.bombich.com
4. Once you have all this stuff, connect the USB/SATA dock to the Mac and put the bare drive into it.
5. Turn on the dock. You will need to initialize the drive using Disk Utility. Give it a useful name. When initialization is done, it should "mount" on the desktop.
6. Launch CarbonCopyCloner. There are two main "windows". On the left you select your "source drive" from the popup menu. On the right you select your "target" (backup) drive.
7. You want to backup everything -- do a complete "clone".
8. When CCC is done, the external drive will now be an exact copy of your internal drive.
(IMPORTANT: CCC does NOT normally "clone" the recovery partition that's on the internal drive [if you're using Lion]. It DOES have an option to do this, however, I've never tried that myself. It's not really necessary, as the entire cloned drive will now function as your "recovery" volume in the event of a disaster).
Only one more thing to do, and its very important:
Do a "test boot".
- Restart
- As soon as you hear the startup sound, hold down the "option" key and KEEP HOLDING IT DOWN
- In a few moments, the startup manager will appear.
- Use the mouse pointer or tab keys or arrow keys to select the backup drive, then hit the enter key
- The Mac should now boot from the external docked drive. IMPORTANT: it will look EXACTLY like your internal, so be careful to distinguish which is which. I suggest you give the external drive a different desktop picture for easy identification.
This all sounds like a lot, but it's very easy to do. Once you do this, you will be "backed up" (certainly moreso than you are right now), and in a much better position to deal with the failing drive when it goes.
CCC can also do "incremental backups" that will go much faster than the original, because only the changes get copied. Because your internal drive is "weakening", you should backup daily.
When the internal finally DOES fail, you can still use the Mac by booting from the external, until you get the internal drive changed out.