So my question is: how much faster within the relative price categories might a 2012 Mac Pro be, compared to the 2010 vintage?
It is really the "2011 but arrived in 2012" Mac Pro. But 2012 is shorter.
Depends upon what you are bottleneck on in your workload.
The I/O increases should be quite significant. 6Gbps SATA versus 3Gbps (without resorting to filling a PCI-e slot). Similarly the PCI-e lanes will double in speed ( v3.0 versus v2.0). If you are not maxed out on slots (3 or four filled) the 2010 model with upgrades can negate that disadvantage somewhat.
If don't need many cores then the 2012 quad core should dominate the 2010 version. The entry 2012 Mac Pro should have the highest base clock rate (3.6GHz). The highest single package (SP) 2012 Mac Pro's value proposition is buying more cores but the same max Turbo rate. The SP 2010 versions are worth passing up if you can wait. At base rates though SP top end 2010 3.3GHz and 2012 3.3 GHz look the same but should see greater than 10% increase on broad spectrum on non I/O impacted apps. However, both are substantively better than your 2008.
IMHO the only reason to upgrade now would be that either
a. absolutely required the speed increase now for business reasons. (projects need to finish faster).
b. think that Apple would nuke the 2012 versions and not launch something that is already essentially finished.
The first I have no insights on. The second, I doubt will happen. (if it was half done maybe high probability. But finished, at least 90% chance they will launch. ). If 10% is too risky one option is to buy now take a small mark down selling into used market after introduction. [ some "I need to boot Snow Leopard to run Rosetta" person will probably take it off your hands for a tolerable small mark down. ]