If my phone's already unlocked what's the purpose of an additional speedbump? If your response is "what if you leave your phone unlocked" my response is "what if I leave it unlocked with the mail app already opened?"
I'll equate this to Apple's similar "Require Face ID" / "Hide App" feature that was implemented in iOS 18. What if you hand over your phone to a family member or friend so they can look at something; or someone snatches your phone while it was already unlocked? That was supposedly Apple's reasoning for adding that feature.
With Apple's method, you have to set this up yourself; the employer can't enforce this with Mail. With Outlook, they can. Also, the PIN can (and should) be different from your passcode. With Apple's solution, if someone knows your passcode, they can still get into your locked/hidden apps. With Outlook, they cannot (assuming you set the PIN to be different from your passcode).
If you leave your device unlocked with the Mail/Outlook app already opened, then that's on you. If someone snatches your phone while you're reading an email; there's nothing that can be done to prevent that from happening in the first place.
The nefarious person has the capability to take their own phone and take a photo of the screen. The non-nefarious person will do the same and suddenly you'll have confidential information on a personal device.
Absolutely. Nefarious people will capture the screen other ways. The non-nefarious person may not have another device or camera to capture the screen, but then why would they be doing that anyway if it wasn't for nefarious reasons?
This is more to help contain where company data lives. The non-nefarious person may think there's no harm in taking a screenshot because they want to reference it easier, but now that email/data is in their photo library. Now all other apps that have access to the photo library can see it as well. Maybe they'll share their phone with someone else to look at vacation pictures and forget that email is still in there. Or maybe they'll accidentally select it when uploading/sending/sharing photos somewhere.
Again, see above. What's the point of this? To slow me down? Now I can't just reference what I was just looking at, I need to re-enter the app, now it wants Face ID, it fails a few times (because Face ID is infinitely worse than Touch ID) and now you've wasted my time. Meanwhile the CEO is letting a half dozen scammers remote into his PC... (the ironic part here is that the scammers claim they're from Microsoft)
Similar to the first example above. Someone else has your phone while it's unlocked for whatever reason. Don't necessarily want to leak confidential information via the last displayed screen in the App Switcher.
You definitely bring up valid points. There will always be a way around things and it will never be 100% foolproof, but that doesn't mean companies shouldn't try to slow or help contain their risks. They should be aware that some of these can impact productivity. It's up to them to find the right balance of policies they want to implement. In my case, I'm not asked for Face ID or my PIN every single time. If I'm working and switching between apps, no Face ID/PIN is needed. If I've been idle for a while, then it's needed again.