I pulled it out a few seconds after realizing my mistake.
Did my computer get damaged?
So instead of just saying whether it did anything or not, which enough people have already done (it didn't), let's look at how power works for a moment.
Wattage is a function of voltage and current. Send too much of either and you can damage equipment permanently. The extreme example of this is a lightning strike.
Send too little and, well, it sort of depends but in a design like a Mac with a battery and a power management chip capable of load balancing between charge port and battery, what happens is just that the battery will charge super slowly, or maybe even drain still, but just drain slower.
There's a standard for negotiating power needs over USB, the USB Power Delivery protocol. This allows a device to tell a charger exactly what voltage and current it would like, and if the charger can, it'll deliver it. This means that even plugging an 87W charger that properly supports this protocol into your 12" MacBook won't damage it. The MacBook will communicate safe tolerances for current and voltage to the charger and only receive what it can handle.
Slow charging of lithium-ion batteries can decrease heat and improve longevity of the battery. Thus, charging with lower wattage chargers than the max spec of the device can actually be beneficial to its lifespan, as long as it's enough that you don't just drain it slowly. That said, the difference is often minor enough that the inconvenience of the speedier charge isn't necessarily worth it.
This however is the basis for the iOS 13 feature, optimised charging. This feature decreases the requested power delivery for most of the charge, and charges only to 80 until you're about to unplug the device (using machine learning to learn your daily routines), then charging to 100%. That last point is because Li-Ion batteries, for longevity, prefer sitting at 50-80% over 100%. 0% really not being so good for them