I assume when you say it says there's no card installed you're getting that from System Profiler, and not just the Network pref pane; if that's the case, the most obvious cause would be that by some bizarre coincidence the card either came loose or stopped working at the same time you upgraded--I don't suppose you added RAM or messed with something else under the keyboard at the same time? (Can't hurt to pop it and re-check, either way.)
Assuming that's not it (or if it does show up in Profiler but the Network pref pane doesn't show it anywhere), I'd start by running the hardware test disc that came with it just to see if it tells you anything useful (I'm not sure if those let you know if there's an Airport card installed or not, but it'd at least let you know if something was acting up).
Doing a PMU (and PRAM) reset is another thing to try, in case some firmware goof up knocked it out:
http://support.apple.com/kb/HT1431
http://support.apple.com/kb/HT1379
If none of that helps, do you have a bootable 10.3 backup around that you could boot from to make sure it's showing up? If not and you do have a firewire drive available, installing 10.3 on it is time-consuming but would tell you for sure if it's your 10.4 install that's messed up or if something else is going on.
Otherwise you're down to an OS reinstall in hopes that something got messed up during the upgrade--did you do an upgrade install, or archive and install? The former occasionally has problems, so if so maybe an Archive and Install is in order.