If you want me to be more literal about it I will.
Which laptop and hard drives lasts longer.
A laptop+external drive that is on consistently for 15+ hours a day?
Or one that is still being used that much but powered down every now and then?
Is the one that powers down actually being worn out FASTER? Or is it the same either way. Or vice versa.
I feel qualified to answer this question.
If you leave your computer running and on, the fan(s) will still gather dust and the bearing will still wear down.
If you leave your computer sleeping, the battery will still get wear - but batteries are chemical reactions and will deplete with time anyway.
If you have a computer without a battery and you leave it plugged in, the power supply is still going to see a tiny amount of wear, especially if your house's power isn't well conditioned. Capacitors will still wear out, although that only starts to become a problem if you plan on keeping your computer a long time, and they have gotten better.

I wouldn't even worry about this.
Because fans and storage media have a finite life, I'd suggest sleeping the computer when you're not going to be using it, unless you have a reason that makes it worth it to leave it running.

On towers, swapping an old worn out hard drive or replacing a $10 fan was never a big deal, but on a laptop it's kind of a pain in the butt.
Most laptop power supplies, including the ones Apple makes, are also poorly ventilated (they're not at all)! so you will wear that out faster.
@ maflynn: Running a mac 24/7 won't decrease the lifespan at all if you take care of your fans! I had my G4 running 24/7 for 6 years, and the only thing it ever needed was a set of new fans.
Capacitors going bad is an age thing more than a usage thing - although constant cycling might do it too. I'm actually not sure on that one. *ponders* I'd guess heat causes more issues than charging and depleting a cap.
Thermal expansion/contraction will not be a problem unless you go from one extreme to the other very quickly. If you pull your laptop out of the trunk of your car when it's below freezing, bring it inside, and immediately run it at full blast, you
might run into some issues (like condensation!) but for the most part .. naaah. The only thermal issue I've ever seen rear it's ugly head around here is cold solder on a BGA needing a reflow. Practically every defective GPU ever hahaha.