The device that the OP is using is:
https://uptoneaudio.com/products/mac-mini-dc-conversion-linear-fan-controller-kit-mmk
This replaces the Mini's power supply. The Mini has to be pretty much completely taken apart to replace the power supply and because of that and how common it is for things to get broken when taking apart this type of unibody Mini, that would be the first place to look. For the OP, was the Mini working properly before you replaced the power supply? Is the external device that is now providing the power approved by Uptone?
It's possible that the GPU is faulty, but for my 2012 Mini, there was a problem with later versions of Yosemite which did produce .gpuRestart logs and kernel panics which stopped when I upgraded to El Capitan. So for the 2012 Mini and High Sierra (which I have not put on my 2012 Mini or my 2012 MBP which has the same GPU), if you have .gpuRestart logs with High Sierra, it could be an OS issue vs. a GPU issue.