when you boot it start it in verbose mode command+option+v this gives a long list of processes that have to start in order for the laptop to work,, it may be that it stops at a certain line everytime, this could be the problem.
i would then recommend getting an application, or two (both are free... i don't know if they are in the apstore though... but they work fine and are safe i've used both of them as long as i've had my comp, of course upgrading versions as they became available which was after every new mac computer is released). the first being smc fan control, it allows you to set the slowest speed your fan ill run at, it also does give the temperature near the cpu chip. watch that and see how hot it gets
temperature monitor: this reads all the temp sensors in the mac and can plot them over time, again this is jsut to figure out why your fan is so high, are there abnormal temperatures?
and monitor cpu usage in activity monitor. the fans typically only start whirring with high cpu usage, so see if there is something eating up cpu (activity monitor is a builtin program, its in the utilities folder, i seem to find a lot of people don't know it exists) then make sure the droopdown list in the opper right hand corner says "all proceses" not just "my processes" see if there is anything that takes up a large amount of CPU
if any of these numbers from any of these programs seem high... you can get an idea of where the issue lies.