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Can I use my MBA's charger to charge my Macbook 7;1?
Power adapters for Intel-based Apple portables are available in 45W, 60W, and 85W varieties. Although you should always use the proper wattage adapter for your Apple portable, you can use an adapter of a higher wattage without issue.

For instance If you have a MacBook (13-inch Late 2009) that normally uses a 60W adapter, you can also use an 85W adapter with that computer. You would not use a 45W adapter with that computer; it would not provide enough power for that MacBook. Using an adapter of higher wattage than the adapter that came with the computer will not cause the computer to charge more quickly or otherwise operate any differently than using the adapter that came with the computer.
This should answer most, if not all, of your battery questions:
 
I was at a clients office with my MBA and when I left there I forgot my charger. A coleague of mine went there the next day, he's got a 17" MBP and just so happened he forgot his charger at home, so he used mine.

It worked. Under light usage, the main problem is going to be a very slow charge coupled by a pretty warm adaptor being run at it's max capacity for an extended period of time. If the laptop is off, and you just want to charge it, there shouldn't be an issue at all. I certainly wouldn't use it if you're doing anything heavy though. That's asking for trouble. There's a reason why they come with higher capacity chargers.
 
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