I've read on the Apple site that it supports Exchange 2007 out of the box and that I can configure iCal and Mail w/ Exchange 2007. Is this the case with Exchange 2010 as well?
Yes, it should work if you set up your account in Apple Mail as an Exchange 2007 account, as long as EWS is enabled in your Exchange 2010 server. You might have to enable Basic Authentication on the server side, as well.
I'll add that being a Macbook Pro has nothing to do with it, it's an OSX/Apple Mail thing.
Best bet is to use EWS, but if all else fails...
Apple Mail the client that comes with OSX supports standard protocols (POP3, IMAP, SMTP), these are all supported by Exchange 2010. Out of the box, you have to enable IMAP and/or POP3 for retrieving mail on your Client Access Servers since that's disabled by default..
As for SMTP which is the protocol that Apple Mail will use to send mail, you will point your Apple Mail client to the IP address of your HUB Transport server. Out of the box your HUB Transport Servers have a client receive connector which receives mail on port TCP/587 (this is not the standard port for SMTP which is 25). Also mail submission requires authentication by a member of the Exchange Users group (you have a mailbox in the organization). For to really get lost in the technicalities: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa996395(EXCHG.140).aspx
There's always Office 2011 that has Outlook that supports Exchange 2010 if all else fails.