If you tried using local backup(iTunes on computer), try restoring from iCloud backup or vice versa.
1a. Backup your iPhone to iCloud
Settings -> iCloud -> Backup -> Backup Now
1b. Backup your iPhone to iTunes
File -> Devices -> Back Up
2. Connect your iPad to iTunes on Computer and Choose "Restore"
3. After iPad is restored, you have the option to restore from iCloud or iTunes in the setup wizard screen.
Finally did it following this method. First cloud backup was projected to take over 3 hours, so I stopped it, removed all photos and other personal files from the iphone and tried again. Much quicker, only 30-40 mins to do a cloud backup.
Restore from the cloud went suspiciously quickly, only about 1-2 minutes to download files. A pop-up came up 'Settings will not be transferred', damn.
However, after restarting, it began to download all my apps automatically. That's a big help. It did throw my apps all over my home screens at random - no folders or anything, so I had to spent another 20 mins recreating my app folder structure and app ordering, and another 20 mins recreating my email accounts and looking for email passwords. I also had to manually set up icloud, which fortunately was able to link and carry over my reminders, calendar, and notes.
I have to say, Apple has dropped the ball big time here. Large numbers of people with only an iPhone or an iPad end up getting the other iOS device. Naturally most of them will want the two ios devices to have more or less similar set ups.
The setup process is an utter shambles. Some settings are carried over from the other ios device, many aren't. Email settings are abandoned, app ordering is abandoned, app folders are abandoned, iMessages history is abandoned, you have to enter iCloud passwords multiple times and manually connect to iCloud. lIt's a pain in the arse.
Compare this to restoring a new iPhone from a backup of an older iPhone. Smooth as butter, even webpages are carried over, and scrolled to the same place as on the old iPhone. Impressive. Why can't duplicating an iPhone setup to a new iPad be like this?
That is very weird!
Only thing I can think of is to delete the iPhone backup and start over.
Also, make sure you have the latest version of iTunes.
Finally, if the restore works properly, iTunes should start copying the apps to the iPad. Since you say you have over 100 apps, the process should take a while. If it does start copying the apps, don't interrupt it until all the apps are copied.
Yup, deleted the iphone backup twice from the laptop, didn't work. iPad didn't start installing apps from the cloud either. Finally got partial results from an icloud backup, see above.