In short, yes they do;
Some models are more prone than others and Apple has had to put in place several extended warranty schemes over the years. The MBP with discrete GPU is simply too close the the limits of the thermal thermal envelope, component temperature rises and falls off far too aggressively resulting in "Thermal Shock" over time this can and does damage components. This process generally takes 2-3 years of use which is frequently echoed across forums, with users left with an expensive repair and no recourse with Apple.
18 pages and rising here alone
https://forums.macrumors.com/threads/1848336/
Bottom line is if you don't need the dGPU it`s best to avoid period. Frankly Apple`s record with dGpu`s and portables is simply atrocious and is due to Apple`s design philosophy of form over function. The Retina`s cooling is significantly better, equally Apple are extending coverage for dGPU on both 2012 & 2013 models, nor has there been any major update. Note this is not a defect it is related to the design of the MBP.
If you do "need" the dGPU it`s best to elevate the Notebook on a passive cooler stand and use a third part application such as Macs Fan Control to spool up the fans sooner and more aggressively as this will help to reduce impact of "Thermal Shock" however it`s not a guaranteed solution and the Notebook may still fail after a period of time.
FWIW I own and use multiple MBP`s majority with dGPu, personally I have never had issue, equally literally thousands a have and continue to have issue. I will not buy another Apple portable with dGPU as they are literally "time bombs" For the MacBook Pro to be taken seriously as a professional grade Notebook Apple need to revert to Function over Form...
Q-6