In Finder, open the Time Machine backup for the date that you want to search in. This should be a folder named something like 2015-01-20-142443.
Press cmd+F or start typing in the search box in the top right corner of the window.
Just below the search box are some plus/minus buttons for adding rules. Press the plus button to add a new rule (or if there's already a rule there, adjust it as follows).
Set the rule to "Kind" is "Image".
You can filter for certain image types by changing the select box on the right, or you can type text into the search field to filter by filename.
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You can also switch to cover flow view using the buttons along the top of the window to quickly preview lots of images.