Well, the theory still applies, although I'm new to OSX (still awaiting the arrival of my MacBook Pro - my very first mac!) so am unqualified to help you with the implementation.
Basically, for it to be a true transparent proxy, there should be no proxy configuration on the client machines on the network. They should be connecting to the internet as if they are directly connected, without a proxy server.
For this to work, your server needs to redirect outbound traffic destined for port 80 and 443 to your proxy server running on the gateway.
In Linux I would do this with iptables, on OS X I have no idea what you'd use.
So, in whichever way you should in OS X, you need to redirect web traffic to the proxy server.
Sorry I can't be any more helpful.