State DOTs (or other Transportation Departments) usually have websites with local road information, developed by cameras and ground loops in the pavement. Google, simply accesses that information and imbeds it into their maps.
generally they pull if from state DOT. now the states get this information based on toll tags.
States have a few check points that scan people toll tags and they use than figure out how long it takes to get to the next point and compute the speed based off that.
Now they do not store the numbers or even link them back up to the owner. All the car about are like the last 5-7 digits for their sample group.
That is why some places have it and other do not because if there is no toll tag system around the area their is no way to pull a sample group.