At least 1440p60. The EDID of the Apple Studio Display has a 1080p60, 1440p60, 4K60, and 5K60 modes.
The MacBook Pro (Retina, 15-inch, Mid 2014) has NVIDIA GeForce GT 750M.
https://support.apple.com/kb/sp704?locale=en_CA
If you want to try 4K30 or 5K23 then you have to add them manually using SwitchResX. 23Hz might be too low for the display - the EDID doesn't say what the allowed refresh rate range is so you'll have to experiment.
My iMac (27 inch, Late 2013) has NVIDIA GeForce GT 780M. I made a patch that allows selecting 6bpc but I haven't found a patch to also increase the max pixel clock which makes 6bpc currently not useful. However, if the screen goes black because it's trying 10bpc for a display mode with pixel clock that is too high for 10bpc, then the patch can fix that by setting 8bpc mode.
You can use
AllRez to see if the display connects using HBR or HBR2 link rate. The Apple tech specs suggest an HBR limit, but Thunderbolt 2 can support HBR2 link rate. This link says it can support HBR2 link rate but that was without 750M:
https://forums.macrumors.com/thread...-4k-single-stream-transport-monitors.1764815/
If it supports HBR2, then maybe 4K60 will be possible. Then, if the bpc patch works, and a pixel clock patch can be found, then 5K60 may be possible with 6bpc (but there could be other factors besides DisplayPort link rate and bpc that limit the max pixel clock).