I assume you mean wirelessly via Air Drop… or, as you mention, iCloud.
But no one has to use iCloud to “reliably transfer” photos.
Because “photo backup TO a computer is still really, really easy”!
Just connect your iPhone or iPad — or digital camera or memory card — to a Mac, open Photos, and import! Voila! ALL photos backed up from your device to the Mac.
From there, for another layer of backup, simply attach an external drive and copy the Mac's drive or the Photos Library to it.
Voila, again! Easy-peasy backup!
Sorry in advance for the absurdly long post but this thing is my nemesis.
You may have done this for yourself, you may have been lucky, I've done it as a repairman until a couple years ago a few dozen times, if not a hundred or more, and I still do it pretty often for myself and people I know.
iPhone photo backup to a computer in general is an absolute nightmare, especially compared to how easy it is from and SD card of a proper camera and from competitors devices. One transfer may be relatively painless but it's not always the case at all. Words cannot express my frustration with the process.
- On Mac, you have to import photos to their proprietary app. Then you have to export them to finder to actually have it in a normal form. It's already two steps instead of one, for some reason. Apple-to-Apple device is worse than on Windows! The probability of something going wrong is doubled. And before you can even start the first step, there's some loading time for the app to load the preview of photos. Every step is one more time you have to check the app. This is already bad enough for me.
- On PCs it appears to be simpler and you can drag and drop folders. The USB connection can be ridiculously unstable on Windows though. You drag and drop the folders and... it usually says it transferred everything but it almost surely hasn't. Tried it recently, the first try was a third of the total. Had to do it again in a few tries to transfer it all. I'd love to use something like TeraCopy to compensate but it's not possible.
- Both on Macs and PCs, sometimes there's random errors that just don't let you see your photos on your app or don't let you transfer. I always had alternatives, doing it as a job, but if you don't have a different OS laying around, you're out of luck. Sometimes I just had to try with third party apps like Wondershare stuff. Sometimes nothing could work.
- It's USB 2, except for recent Pro models. All relevant competitors have moved to USB 3 years ago, at least for all iPhone-priced models. So transfer is pretty slow on most devices. That also makes it easier for problems to occur in a longer time.
- The transfer stops very easily. Photos that the iPhone believe to be on its drive but are actually on iCloud only seem to make it lose its mind. It can stop, crash or just get stuck and you have to guess if it's stuck forever or you have to wait a little more. This takes time because you don't want to stop it if it may still be running. And even stopping it can be fidgetty! The button to cancel the transfer often doesn't work, the app can't be normally quit and I had to force quit Photos so many times. That's not something you should even ask to a regular user who wants the smooth Apple experience! It's never been a task I could leave there to the computer to do, I had to follow every step and check if I had to resume it manually. Active transferring time is already pretty long and it can get really really long if you don't check the app for errors pretty frequently and resume it when it stops.
- Making this on anything but the latest version of iOS and macOS will probably add pain of some kind. And make errors more likely to happen. I don't know about you but I can tell you most people don't need a backup when the phone is brand new and almost empty.
- Transferring a few photos is usually fine, but any amount in the tens of gigabytes (which is usually when people need a backup) make it very easy for errors to occur.
I cannot exactly quantify how often some weird thing (something that would rarely happen on Android and never while transferring photos from an SD card) happened to me but I'm pretty sure I've had an issue of some kind on at least 20 to 30% of attempts, and I'm being kind. As a professional, I found it frustrating and unreliable, I can't absolutely picture it as a procedure that's made for regular users to rely on. Even having issues on 10% of attemps would be absolutely inexcusable for me on a premium device.
And again, even when it worked, it was very slow, which is also inexcusable at that price point. Even on the 17e it feels like a very cheap move for what definitely isn't a budget phone.
I have tried way too many times in completely different scenarios to just consider myself unlucky. It is way, way worse than any other kind of photo transferring.
All of this is certainly to make iCloud (the method that makes them money) the best option.
Most of my customers just had iCloud on because it was there when configuring the phone. When the (perfectly useless) 5GB free trial version that they were tricked to use was over, so many people came panicking because they didn't understand what the terrorist alert "your cloud space is over" meant, and they thought they absolutely needed to pay Apple if they wanted to keep using their phones. Trivial to me and you, but most people who buy iPhones are not like us, talking on a specialised forum. Apple knows it and takes advantage of them.
(Congrats if you've read this whole thing that can be summed up as "Old man yells at iCloud")