Time was when you could get Apple's Macintosh Programmers Workshop tools free.
Apple has explicitly said that un-signed apps will be prevented from running by default in a future version of MacOS, meaning that anyone who wants to compile an app will have to pay Apple a sub. That's going to kill the Mac as a hobbyist platform.
The old program is described as allowing "university professors and other eligible instructors to create a development team with up to 200 students, who could create and test apps without needing to pay the usual $99 annual fee".
That is to say, the professor created the account, and then could have 200 students as subordinates.
The replacement being offered is the fee waiver program, which states: "To be eligible, you must: Be a legal entity with a status as a nonprofit organization, accredited educational institution, or government entity;"
Students are not legal entities, so they can't themselves sign up with fee waiver. It's not clear at all how a student would sign up anymore.
In session 701 of WWDC 2019, Apple’s Garrett Jacobson warned: “the security of the platform has become increasingly reliant on the validity of code signatures. And this means that if an app has no signature, it’s impossible to detect tampering. And further, if a bundle signature has become broken at runtime, it’s very difficult to differentiate malicious tampering from mundane tampering when [an app] modifies itself at runtime. And in a future version of macOS, unsigned code will not run by default anymore.”
Apple has explicitly said that un-signed apps will be prevented from running by default in a future version of MacOS, meaning that anyone who wants to compile an app will have to pay Apple a sub. That's going to kill the Mac as a hobbyist platform
My point is that eventually, if you want to create apps for MacOS, and e.g. put binaries up on github, you will be forced by necessity to pay Apple a continuous fee for the privilege. The time may come when even locally signing them will require payment.
Personally, I have a very big problem with the principle of that. It doesn't matter whether it's a small fee, or a large fee. I learnt programming at school in the 80s. If you told me then that I would have to pay a company to run my code, I'd consider that a dystopian, Orwellian future.
Running your own code for he purposes of learning is something different than publicly distributing binaries for use by others. Any way, there sadly seem to be quite a lot of users on this forum that not only justify but actively support such a dystopian, Orwellian future.