Here's a picture of the charger that is giving me the problems.
There was a thread ages ago on this subject about erratic screen bahaviour and I pinned it down to "after market" chargers at the time. If this one is made by Apple then there is now an additional change that means these don't work properly either.
My iPad charger works fine
That charger looks a little strange, what's the brown edge? It's either shorted out at some time or had some liquid spilt on it IMO.
With regard to chargers, I haven't taken my iPhone 5 charger out of the box, I charge with either my iPad charger, a spare Apple charger from an old iP4, a Belkin car charger or a TomTom charger. All work perfectly.
No, I adjusted the levels in Photoshop to show the detail of the writing better.
No damage, looks perfectly normal in real life.
When you say work perfectly, have you tried interacting with the screen using just one finger while the phone is lying on a table?
Here's a picture of the charger that is giving me the problems.