I wish we could disable that stuff. Sure it's more secure but I have nothing to hide with my apple ID and I use refillable credit cards with only $10 at a time on there for purchases so if anyone ever stole my password, they would literally do NO damage to me at all. Oh yeah, I have no data up there either in terms of pictures etc...
Also, Apple told me that if you ever forget your info to fix your password once you've enabled 2FA then you are stuck and they can't help you. If you DON'T enable it, they can reset the password for you. That prompt is also VERY deceptive on these devices and if you don't pay attention to what you're doing. I plan to call again to confirm this is true but if anyone can confirm this for me, then thanks.
So bottom line, we as users should retain the decision to be secure or not. We are slowly losing control of everything here folks and if you don't realize that, then you are part of the problem.
iforgot.apple.com can reset your password once you verify your identity, first by birthdate, then through security questions or access to a trusted device. Apple Support article HT201487 explains this process.
If that does not work, you can borrow anybody's iOS device, open the Find My Device app, type in the Apple ID, then you'll have to go through deep recovery (Apple Support article HT204921). In order to successfully do this you have to have your credit card that's on file with your Apple ID and enter the information to expedite the verification process, otherwise it may take up to
14 business days to verify your identity and they will send a reset password link to the email address on file.
Otherwise, you'll have to create a new Apple ID if verification fails behind the scenes or if you don't have access to that email anymore, if your Apple ID is an email that you've gotten rid of.
Pretty serious security procedure, but you can reset your password.
As for your line,
"we as users should retain the decision to be secure or not," the answer is no, we should not once agreed to. This would take a tremendous amount of resources (for those that don't know what goes into database administration). It isn't magic, folks.
We all agreed to very clear, concise, and well disclosed End User License Agreements. Always remember that with these (and any) devices with proprietary software, you own the
hardware. You DO NOT own the software or any of its contents (including purchased music, applications, books, services) outside of communications and self-made media such as photos you've taken. You are licensed to operate your phone, under the Terms and Conditions you agreed to. Apple can revoke anybody's license at any time.