Automatic/scripted installation of set application

So, the situation is that I sometimes have to change my work computer. Installing all the developer apps and adjusting settings for trackpad and things like that takes some time, so I thought if there is a way to either connect those things to my iCloud account, or make a script that takes care of most of the things.
Let's say I want 5-6 applications to be installed, including Atom, RStudio (and R), Spotify.

Does anybody have an idea if this is possible?

 

That actually looks pretty amazing, thanks a lot! Looking forward to scripting this to my needs!