OK, let's try going through this one more time.
You have an external drive that is showing signs of failure, but still can boot the Mac sometimes. If this is the case, be aware that there may be some sectors of the drive's platter surface that have "gone bad". That would mean that the drive can't read those sectors, and thus can't produce the files.
Trying to do a "finder copy" of a drive that is having read errors due to bad files will be an exercise in frustration, because if you try to copy many files, and if the finder encounters even just one "bad" file, it will abort the entire process -- but give you no idea as to WHICH FILE was the bad one.
If you want to copy the failing drive to a "good drive", you need CarbonCopyCloner.
DO NOT keep messing with the finder (or terminal).
When CCC clones a drive, if it encounters one or more "bad files", it will KEEP RIGHT ON GOING. It doesn't abort. Instead, CCC will log the bad file, and keep trying to clone the good ones. At the end of the process, I believe that you can access CCC's log file to ascertain which files didn't copy.
So, what you need to do:
1. Boot up the Mac from the failing external drive and hope for a good boot
2. Prepare a GOOD external drive by erasing it with Disk Utility. Choose "Mac OS Extended, with journaling enabled".
3. Open CCC.
4. Put your source (the bad drive) on the left
5. Put the target (the good drive) to its right
6. Accept CCC's defaults
7. Click the clone button
8 See what happens next.
This will be my "last advice" to you on the subject.
Either try it -- or keep flopping around like a fish out of water... 😉