To the OP's original question, I'd vote 'probably not'.
There certainly are 10 year old MacBooks out there, in active use today, but... a) not many, and b) I don't think the people using them are having a very good experience.
Five years? No problem - most Mac laptops should be still going strong after five years. But after that things start going downhill pretty quickly. Parts begin to break, OS updates start to outpace the hardware, etc.
You can bet with decent confidence on a MacBook to be a good companion for five years, if you do your part and don't break it. Some will die an early death, of course, no matter how nicely you treat them - reality is just like that. But the odds are in your favor.
Beyond five years, and for sure six years, the odds aren't in your favor anymore. By year 7/8, I'd argue you're on borrowed time, and after that, it's just pure luck and/or stubbornness keeping the thing running.
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This cannot be stressed enough. I personally never update past the OS that was installed on the device at purchase, on any Apple product.
And usually, when people talk about GPU failures and stuff like that, that stuff almost always happens after an update.
Anyways, the #1 way to extend the life of a computer is not updating or changing the operating system. You do the first couple updates to .1 or .2 to get the kinks out, then only update again when you absolutely have to (ideally never).
Couldn't disagree more. I'm running my 2010 17" MBP and 2011 iMac 27" on Sierra, both are running beautifully. I've always upgraded my family's apple devices to the latest OS, as long as they were compatible, and it's never been an issue.
How are you imagining an OS update causes a GPU failure? I'm baffled.