Simple answer is yes but it would be a radical change of materials and design for Apple
Simplistically the Ali case we are familiar with is machined from a solid leaving a relatively open interior to fit components etc, they play around with materials and thickness of the case left to give the rigidity, hence some of the little ridges you see. Introducing additional supports would mean the case could be thinner yet remain ridged but would hinder the relative openness to place components, but the saved weight could mean the case could be deeper
Opting to go for cast and machined magnesium alloy (which has it's own set of problems) would probably give a greater scope to achieve a deeper case with the same weight and rigidity as far more complex shapes and supports could be cast that would be almost exhaustive to do by just machining (See the surface pro or book vents) of course same issue on openness for placing components
Some of the carbon fibre/composite designs have already shown that it's possible eg some of the top of the range Sony Vaio Z laptops component for component were actually lighter than the MBA's but were not as thin, but thinness got the headline however the CF designs tend not as ridged generally and are designed to flex
Material and manufacture methods are extremely complex with a series of trade-off that has to be balanced.
For volume production and finish coating/colour options Aluminium Alloys are probably the better/cheapest option overall compared to Magnesium and Carbon composites that may offer other benefits
Else Plastics lets not even go there
