You can run a Mac notebook in clamshell mode for many years without any issues whatsoever. You'll be ready for a new computer LONG before a Mac would fail due to heat from operating in clamshell mode, barring any manufacturing defects. Does heat shorten the lifespan? Possibly, but you're not likely to keep your computer long enough to notice, unless you typically keep a computer for 12-15+ years.
Under normal circumstances yes. But if you have a computer that is already prone to solder joint cracking, running it at a higher temp will speed up that process. Because it's the number of heating/cooling cycles, and the intensity of them that directly cause it.
These issues generally show up after several years, when the warranty has expired but too early to tell if the redesigned MacBook Air models are prone to it. Luckily Apple does usually own up to it eventually and issue free repairs out of warranty (like with the nVidia problem for the MacBook Pro) but it does take a while before they do. All those MacBook Pro's and iBook G4's that broke were not 12-15 years old.
See here for an example of a cracked solder joint:

Because these issues are caused by heat and clamshell mode does increase heat on the logic board, I really don't see how this would not affect it, if the computer is already prone to this problem. Which is hard to tell when a particular model is so new. I wouldn't bet on the new MacBook Air not being prone to such issues because its heat generation is so centralized now that the CPU and GPU are one chip.
Because I generally keep my computers for a long time I like to look after them in that way if it's not too inconvenient. And also the fan annoys me otherwise.