You can create a backup of your iPhone through iTunes, and then select "restore from backup" when setting up the new iPad. Any iPad compatible apps will automatically install on the iPad.
There's the occasional app for which there's not an iPad optimized version. For example, PayPal. In that case it can still be installed on the tablet, but it will be a scaled up version of the phone app which won't quite fit the aspect ratio and resolution of the iPad, but it will still function.
Yes, you can install all the apps on your phone onto the iPad. BUT they may not all be optimized for the iPad. Like Instagram, you can get that on the iPad, but its an iPhone sized app