"TB3 NVME enclosure + Apple TB2-TB3 adapter"
I can confirm that this works - I have a Glyph Thunderbolt 3 Dock which contains an NVMe M.2 slot into which I fitted a WD Black 1TB, and using the Apple adapter it boots Catalina onto my TB1 2012 MacBook Pro just fine. The dock was really cheap locally, but that was a one-off price ;-) It runs at full TB1 speed.