mAh is is the amount of time the battery will work given a constant current draw at it's given voltate (typically 1.2v for a rechargable AA).
power consumption is actually measured in watts, which is amps (or in this case milliamps) multiplied by the voltage necessary to run the devices.
In order to power the rMBP with your AA's you'd need 10 batteries in series to get to the required 12v, but they would only have a charge time of 2500mAh, so you'd need three and a half groups(in parallel) of ten(in series) to get about the same capacity of the built in battery.