Disk Utility Shows Nonexistent Drive, but Not Mac HD.

Not sure if this is a software or hardware issue, so forgive me if this thread is in the wrong place...

The problem:

My MacBook Pro (13", summer 2011 model, running Mountain Lion, 320 GB HD) will only boot to Internet Recovery.

Inside, when using the disc utility, it shows disk1 and Mac OS X base, as well as "4.14 GB ST_M13FQBL Media." The only external drive I've ever used is a 3 TB Seagate Backup Plus Desktop Drive, but it was not plugged in when the computer crashed (which prompted the Internet Recovery).

I should not that other start-up command prompts don't work (i.e. holding shift, command+r, option, etc.)

The question:

Could the Mac HD be misrepresented as "4.14 GB ST_M13FQBL Media" and if so, how do I go about rectifying this?

The goal:

Ultimately, I would like to salvage the data not backed up on my Seagate.

I'm happy to provide any pertinent information that I forgot to mention. Thanks for your help!

 

So is there a reason that the Seagate External would show up despite not being plugged in at the time the MacBook failed nor when I ran the Disk Utility?

Sorry if I missed something; just trying to make heads or tails of why it's there and the Mac HD is not.