I don't know if Apple purposely does it, but there is no doubt certain iOS updates have a dramatic effect on battery life on older devices. These issues are sometimes fixed at a later date though.
I have a 13 mini and haven't experienced what you describe. I haven't earlier either. What I do experience is that every other update increases battery consumption, and every other decreases it. I suppose Apple includes something in major updates that are corrected in minor updates. But I don't know for sure.
This has been stated many times, and I think there’s a confusion circling around this that’s been so long-standing that’s been ingrained in every conversation about this:
What you are saying is partly true: Apple does fix extreme battery drain issues with minor updates, but the battery life loss incurred by major updates is unsolvable and inevitable.
Let’s assume I am on some version of iOS 10 on an iPhone 6s. I get 7 hours of screen-on time on LTE. I update to iOS 11, battery life immediately plummets by two hours, dropping to 5 hours. iOS 11.0.1 is released, and battery life is cut in half, devices show extreme standby drain. Apple releases iOS 11.0.2, nothing. Everything continues as-is. Apple realises something is truly wrong, identifies it, fixes it. Apple releases iOS 11.1 with update notes that say “Fixed battery drain issues in some models of the iPhone 6s”. Battery life recovers... to that same 5 hours that iOS 11.0 had, or, perhaps, with a little luck, it is slightly better. Maybe... 5.5 hours. There can be a slight improvement, though it is rare.
But is that battery life as good as iOS 10 was? No. Never. Some people reported iOS 12 being an improvement over the fiasco that was iOS 11, throughout many devices. Fine, but was it as good as the original versions? iOS 7? 8? 9? 10? No. Never. And that’s the only important part of this: even if it improves relative to some version in the middle, it is always worse when compared to original iOS versions.
@AlixSPQR did you track it? Did you compare screen-on time with the same usage on iOS 15 and iOS 16? That said, the first major version is probably safe: iOS 10 was fine battery life-wise for the 6s; iOS 8 for the 5s; iOS 13 for the iPhone Xʀ, barring some exceptions like iOS 11. The issue seriously starts later.
And because it starts later, people forget. Unless the user tracks it, the user forgets what battery life was like back then. Do you think an iPhone 6s user who updated through every little version from iOS 9 through 14 and didn’t track it is going to remember exactly what battery life was like back then? No, they won’t remember, and I wouldn’t remember either were I to update, too. I only know the impact iOS 12 has had on my 9.7-inch iPad Pro because I tracked battery life throughout its entire usage period.