1. Yes you do get a faster charge, but just because 10 = 2x5 doesn't necessarily mean half the charging time. The phone will get as much power as it's allowed to handle without damaging the battery.
2. I'm asking if it's worth getting the 10/12w if you don't have it already, to replace the 5w, based on the increased charge speed. I understand that wasn't really part of the OP.
3. Based on my power cube experience, USB output plays a part in charge. I would like to understand this more--I'm inclined to think that the 5w charger outputs at USB 1.0 and the 10/12 outputs at USB 2.1.
Hold on. The 1.0 and 2.1 on your battery denote amperage ("A"), not USB standards. USB power standards and gadget maker compliance with them is a bit of a mess that is best left untouched in this discussion.
Think of it this way, the port labeled "1.0" is perhaps like a water fountain, and the "2.1" a fire hose. It's clear how much they differ in the volume of water they can provide, and how quickly.
If there is a thirsty person who desires a drink of water, they can either drink from the fountain, or the fire hose.
Since the water fountain has a limit of how much water it can deliver within a certain period, if the person is really thirsty, they will probably have a long drink at the fountain.
A fire hose obviously has a much higher limit, and can more than exceed the amount of water the person can drink at one time. But, they won't have to drink from the fire hose as long as they would from the fountain.
The important thing to remember is that the person is ultimately the one who controls how much water they ingest, depending on their thirstiness and capacity to swallow it. The limits of each water source only become an issue if it is too low (they have to drink longer from the fountain), or too high (they can't ingest the maximum amount the fire hose can supply).
The bottom line is that the phone will determine how much amperage it will draw. Supply and demand.