So there is an option in the iPhone's settings to disable data roaming. I know that this disables international data roaming, but would it also disable domestic data roaming, i.e. EDGE on Verizon GSM?
The Verizon iPhone does not roam on AT&T's GSM network. Only international ones.
Signatures are usually wrong with outdated information or general eyecandy spam. I rarely look at them at all. As you probably know, Verizon does not have a GSM network. Without there being one, there is no way an AT&T iPhone can roam on one.
Ok, let's make this even more complicated. I have 4EON, does that still mean that I will be able to roam on Verizon GSM without data roaming turned on?
Yes. 4EON only affects the alpha tag being displayed. To the phone, the network will still be indicated as "preferred," and the phone will connect to it, because it's being led to believe that these different networks are really part of one big, happy family.